Nosocomial Infections and Antibiotic-resistance in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Introduction:

Nosocomial infections and antibiotic resistance represent significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide, contributing to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of hospital-acquired infections and the emergence of resistant pathogens have prompted concerns regarding patient safety and the effectiveness of existing infection control measures. This systematic review aimed to examine the prevalence, etiology, and antibiotic resistance patterns of nosocomial infections in Saudi Arabian healthcare settings.

Methods:

A comprehensive search strategy was employed across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify interventional studies and clinical trials relevant to nosocomial infections and antibiotic resistance in Saudi Arabia. Inclusion criteria were strictly defined to select studies focusing on hospital settings and reporting quantitative outcomes related to intervention effectiveness. A two-step screening process was conducted, involving title and abstract review followed by full-text assessment. The methodology emphasized the inclusion of diverse intervention types, from antibiotic stewardship programs to educational and technological interventions aimed at infection control.

Results:

The review included 10 studies, showcasing a variety of interventions with sample sizes ranging from 50 to over 1,000 participants. Hand hygiene interventions demonstrated a risk reduction in nosocomial infections with risk ratios (RR) around 0.62 to 0.75. Antibiotic stewardship programs were effective in reducing broad-spectrum antibiotic prescriptions by up to 30%. Educational interventions for healthcare workers also showed significant improvements in infection control practices, with some studies reporting risk reductions for nosocomial infections with RRs of 0.68 to 0.94.

Conclusions:

This systematic review highlights the effectiveness of multifaceted interventions in reducing the prevalence of nosocomial infections and combating antibiotic resistance in Saudi Arabian healthcare settings. The findings underscore the importance of implementing comprehensive, context-specific strategies that combine educational, procedural, and technological elements to improve patient safety and healthcare outcomes.